(22), the topographic information of a pure phase sample can be reconstructed by using a standard contouring algorithm that proceeds through the entire spiral. Here Δ n is the difference between the refractive indices of the object and the surrounding medium, and λ the illumination wavelength. (22) h = − δ Ph Δ n λ 2 π up to multiples of Δ n λ. lt is, however, interesting to compare estimates of the same quantile using alternative methods. Note that because µ and σ have different meanings in the two different distributions, they are not comparable. Individual profile likelihood plots for µ and σ (not shown here) were used to obtain the likelihood-based confidence intervals. The numerical values of the likelihood-based confidence intervals and intervals based on the normal-theory approximation are given in Table V. 100 provides an approximate 90%joint confidence region for µ and σ. For example, the region R > exp ( − χ ( 90.2 ) 2 / 2 ) =. Escobar, in Methods in Experimental Physics, 1994 8.4.3 Confidence Regions and intervals for µ and σ and for Functions of µ and σĪs described in Section 8.3.3, a contour line on Figure 4 defines an approximate joint confidence region for µ and σ that can be accurately calibrated, even in moderately small samples, by using the large sample χ 2 approximation for the distribution of the likelihood-ratio statistic. The difference between the values of any two successive contours is called _.William Q. Which of these will have two contour lines of different heights?Ĥ. What does the contour value with 0 indicate?ģ. Which of the following is represented by the spacing between the contour lines? Which of the following is not used to depict relief features of any place?Ģ. The contour with zero value represents the coastline because they are exactly at sea level.ġ. The closely spaces contours indicate steep slopes.Īll contour lines are marked with a number, which indicates their height above the mean sea level in meters or in feet. Can you guess what widely spaced contour lines indicate? They indicate gentle slopes. The spacing between the contour lines indicates the nature of the slope. Also when two contour lines having different heights meet, it means that the slope is vertical like a cliff or a waterfall. If they cross, that would mean that they are at the same location, which is obviously not possible. This depends upon the slope of the Land.Ĭontourlines can never cross each other. Similarly, the horizontal difference between the values of any two contours is called Horizontal Equivalent. Are these lines drawn just on the basis of assumption? No, they are actually drawn by surveys done in the field.Ĭontour interval or Vertical contour refers to the difference between the value of any two successive contours. So it is actually a line of constant height above the mean sea level. And that is where Contours come into play.Ĭontour is actually an imaginary line, which joins the points or places having the same height above the mean sea level. Several methods have been developed to depict the relief features on a map like contouring, form lines, spot height, benchmarks, hachures, etc. A relief map basically shows the height of the land above the mean sea level on a flat surface. These models are difficult to make and handle and are comparatively expensive. So how do we represent contour lines through a 3-D model? It has mountains, hills, plateaus, valleys, waterfalls, seas lakes, etc., representing the elevation and the depression on the Earth’s surface. The surface of the Earth is obviously not uniform. Contouring is the standard method for representing the relief on a map. Features like mountains, plateaus, valleys, waterfalls, seas, lakes, etc.

Contour line